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Many colonies in Africa attained independence through negotiated settlements. However, several others engaged in armed liberation struggles, for example, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Newly independent states provided liberation movements with bases on their territories and political, military, intellectual, ideological, material, and moral support. In West Africa, Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nkrumah, a notable pan-Africanist, declared in his Independence Day speech in 1957, “Our independence is meaningless unless it is linked up with the total liberation of the African continent.” In East Africa, Julius Nyerere and Jomo Kenyatta, the first presidents of independent Tanzania and Kenya respectively, showed similar commitment to Pan-Africanism and anticolonialism by hosting refugees fleeing armed struggles in Southern Africa. Tanzania hosted the Organization of African Unity Liberation Committee supported anticolonial resistance and liberation movements. President Nyerere supported them for “challenging injustices of empire and apartheid” and declared, “I train freedom fighters”. He encouraged Tanzanians living around liberation movement camps to welcome these movements and their freedom fighters and also protect them from agents of colonial governments. Support also came from many other countries on the continent including Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Algeria. The latter provided sanctuary to representatives of liberation movements such as Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa.

Many colonies in Africa attained independence through negotiated settlements. However, several others engaged in armed liberation struggles, for example, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe. Newly independent states provided liberation movements with bases on their territories and political, military, intellectual, ideological, material, and moral support. In West Africa, Ghana’s first president, Kwame Nkrumah, a notable pan-Africanist, declared in his Independence Day speech in 1957, “Our independence is meaningless unless it is linked up with the total liberation of the African continent.” In East Africa, Julius Nyerere and Jomo Kenyatta, the first presidents of independent Tanzania and Kenya respectively, showed similar commitment to Pan-Africanism and anticolonialism by hosting refugees fleeing armed struggles in Southern Africa. Tanzania hosted the Organization of African Unity Liberation Committee supported anticolonial resistance and liberation movements. President Nyerere supported them for “challenging injustices of empire and apartheid” and declared, “I train freedom fighters”. He encouraged Tanzanians living around liberation movement camps to welcome these movements and their freedom fighters and also protect them from agents of colonial governments. Support also came from many other countries on the continent including Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Algeria. The latter provided sanctuary to representatives of liberation movements such as Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa.

This paper examines the renegotiation of social contracts, using the example of Colombia’s phase-out process for fossil fuel subsidies that provides empirical evidence for broad reforms of state–society agreements. While calls for new social contracts increasingly highlight the need to integrate ecological sustainability and address systemic inequalities, few studies explore how such transitions unfold in practice. Drawing on interviews with 43 experts from government, academia, civil society, and the private sector, the paper analyses Colombia’s efforts to remove gasoline and diesel subsidies under President Petro’s reform agenda. The findings reveal four central obstacles: the political cost of reform, structural dependencies in the transport sector, limited state capacity, and the absence of long-term policy continuity. We find that creating a new social contract requires broad support by a range of stakeholders and a clear vision for the new agreement, which is supported across ideological camps. The Colombian government offered an incoherentversion of a green growth social contract, which relied on reforming the existing structures with novel technologies. In contrast to government participants, the interviewees from society, academia and the private sector in Colombia seem to dismiss the plans of the government as unrealistic, as they do not address the deep-rooted challenges within the transport sector and lacks a clear pathway. The Colombian reform process highlights the contested nature of renegotiating social contracts, illustrating the challenges of aligning societal expectations with government visions.

Main agenda items, approximate timing, public sessions and press opportunities.

Press briefing ahead of the upcoming Foreign Affairs Council and the Foreign Affairs Council (Defence) will take place on 13 November at 16.00.

The Council and the European Parliament secured agreement on the EU’s annual budget for 2027 - the seventh and final annual budget of the current multiannual financial framework (MFF) 2021-2027.

The Council reached a provisional agreement with the European Parliament on increasing free carbon allowances for industry sectors falling under the ETS heat and fuel benchmarks from 2026 to 2030.

Les matchs de qualification pour la CAN 2027 reprennent ce jeudi 12 novembre pour la 3e journée des éliminatoires et se poursuivront jusqu'au 17 novembre prochain pour la 4e journée. Au total, 48 rencontres sont programmées dans les 12 groupes de qualification.

Ex-Nvidia-CEO Jensen Huang wird eine weitere Affäre nachgesagt. Huang soll eine intime Beziehung mit einer weiteren Nvidia-Angestellten geführt haben.

In den frühen 2000er-Jahren war Marco Odermatts Vater Walti massgeblich daran beteiligt, dass junge Sporttalente an der Schule in Hergiswil eine Begabtenförderungsklasse besuchen können. Beim Weltcup-Slalom in Levi wird einer dieser Musterschüler am Start stehen.

Mit zwölf wurde ein Waadtländer am Collège Champittet missbraucht. Die Kirche zahlte 220'000 Franken als Entschädigung. Doch das Finanzamt sieht einen Teil davon als steuerpflichtiges Einkommen. 40 Jahre später muss der Mann sein Leid weiter verteidigen.

Der einst schnellste Luxusliner der Welt, die SS United States, wurde im Golf von Mexiko versenkt. Das Projekt kostete 13,5-Millionen Dollar.

Genf-Servette bestätigt einen bemerkenswerten Transfercoup: Ab nächster Saison wird der Angriff der Adler durch Valentin Nussbaumer verstärkt.

The fourth Disability Rights Week, taking place from 30 November to 7 December 2026, reaffirms Parliament's commitment to promoting disability rights, inclusion and independent living.

Source : © European Union, 2026 - EP

Un dirigeant de 400 Mawozo a été officiellement inculpé d'enlèvement par les autorités américaines. Par ailleurs, le FBI offre une récompense pouvant aller jusqu'à 1 million de dollars pour toute information permettant de le retrouver.

Le Canada a lancé un nouveau programme d'immigration visant à offrir à 5 500 personnes originaires de divers pays du monde entier la possibilité d'obtenir la résidence permanente, à compter de janvier 2027.

As the impacts of climate change worsen, global leadership on climate action has declined, leaving an international leadership vacuum that major powers have not stepped up to fill. The annual Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has also succumbed to polarization. Together, this leadership vacuum and growing polarization have weakened trust in the multilateral climate system just as the UN Environment Programme has confirmed that global warming exceeding 1.5°C is now unavoidable.

This issue brief examines the status of the UNFCCC negotiations and what to expect at COP31 in Antalya, Türkiye. It also considers the state of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the risks posed by its impasse, as well as how the First Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels, held in Santa Marta, Colombia, and its successor can catalyze action outside the official process.

The brief argues that while outside initiatives can advance climate action and put pressure on the multilateral system to act faster, it remains crucial to protect the UNFCCC and its COP as the only universal space for climate action. Outside and parallel processes must feed into and connect with it. This fragile state of the system could be an opportunity for ambitious voices to seize the moment and provide real leadership both inside and outside the process.

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The post What’s at Stake at COP31: A Leadership Vacuum and a Fragile Process appeared first on International Peace Institute.

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